Weathering is the process by which Edward Durell Stone and alloy are broken down over time . As with any other piece of music of human architecture , monuments are exposed to several different type of weathering . Without intercession , even the stout monuments will eventually be ground down to grime and dust by nature ’s elements .

Ice Crystalization

Ice crystallization , often touch on to as " ice rink wedging " or " frost wedging , " is a form of physical weathering that occurs often in cold climates . Methedrine crystallization come about when pee seeps into a crack or kettle of fish in the surface of a monument and then freezes . Because water thrive when it freezes , it let out the crack in the monument and can eventually fracture and bump off pieces , altering the shape of the monument and necessitating pricey restoration and stamping ground . The more porous the fabric the repository is build of , the more susceptible it will be to ice crystallisation .

Salt Crystallization

Another form of physical weathering that takes a bell on humankind - made repository is common salt crystallization . salinity crystal happens when a saline solution enters a stoma or crack in a monument and then crystallize due to a variety in temperature . As with freezing water , saltiness expands when it crystallizes , which expand faulting in monuments and eventually breaks pieces off . As with ice crystallization , the more porous a fabric is , the more susceptible it is to salt crystallisation . Often , salinity crystal and ice crystallization work together to atmospheric condition monuments . Salt crystallization is more common in coastal areas and blistering , juiceless clime . instance of weathering by salt crystallizing are the brick repository in Ayutthaya , Thailand , and many limestone monuments in Cairo , Egypt .

Root Wedging

A third form of forcible weathering that can have a devastating effect on man - made memorial is " ascendent wedging . " Root wedging happens when the ascendant of a plant begins to grow into a fracture in a monument . Over time , as the plant life grow expectant , so does the root . Eventually , the beginning will become so large that it will let out the cracks in the monument and most likely break firearm of it off . stem wedging is mostly a problem for monuments that are no longer taken care of ; monuments that are on a regular basis cared for will have any plants transfer before antecedent wedging can occur .

Chemical Weathering

In accession to physical weathering , many memorial are susceptible to chemical weathering as well . " acidulent rain , " or rainwater that is more acidulent than normal due to high levels of pollution , can earnestly corrode monument over time . Different edifice materials are subject to different type of chemical weathering . metal such as bronze or atomic number 29 are susceptible to erosion by interaction with the factor . They are also likely to form a flimsy layer of " patina , " a by - intersection of chemical substance weathering that has a fleeceable hue , and can be seen on the Statue of Liberty and the roof of the Chateau Frontenac in Quebec City , for example .

The Statue of Liberty

A good case subject field in monuments and weathering is the Statue of Liberty . As before long as the statue was erected in 1886 , it get to undergo the lifelike process of strong-arm and chemical weathering . The salinity water of New York ’s harbor began to weather it through the processes of internal-combustion engine and saltiness crystallization , and salt water also acted as a chemical agent that exacerbated the erosion of Lady Liberty ’s copper hide . After nearly 100 year , the statue needed extensive repairs , which were undertake from 1984 to 1986 and be one thousand thousand of dollars . If the statue is to be for future coevals , it will need periodical restoration , because the processes of weathering are unrelenting . All monuments must be cared for if they are to survive .

References

…